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Enteric methane emissions are the single largest source of direct greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in beef and dairy value chains and a substantial contributor to anthropogenic methane emissions globally. In late 2019, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) and the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research (FFAR) convened approximately 50 stakeholders representing research and production of seaweeds, animal feeds, dairy cattle, and beef and dairy foods to discuss challenges and opportunities associated with the use of seaweed-based ingredients to reduce enteric methane emissions. This Perspective article describes the considerations identified by the workshop participants and suggests next steps for the further development and evaluation of seaweed-based feed ingredients as enteric methane mitigants. Although numerous compounds derived from sources other than seaweed have been identified as having enteric methane mitigation potential, these mitigants are outside the scope of this article.

I’m really delighted to be here with all of you. It’s my first time attending such a summit. I reallyappreciate and value the opportunityto get to know you better and hear more about yourperspectives, so thanks very much. As Dawn alluded to in her introduction,I’ve had some priorchances to learn a good bit and see the kind of change that’s occurred in fisheries and fisheriesmanagement over the past 25 years. My stint as NOAAChiefScientist gave me a goodopportunity to take a close look at the science underlying this field and the challenges that weface here. And then,several years later, I had my first exposureto the opportunities andchallenges of aquaculture when I headed up the aquaculture panel on the PEW OceansCommission. SoI am delighted to be here today,andI’d like to talk about a couple of things:about building resiliency in our oceans and our fishing communities;aboutbuilding healthy andsustainable fisheries to support societal, economic, and ecological resilience; the steps we’retaking to combat illegal fishing and seafood fraudandlevel the playingfieldfor U.S. fishermen;and the role that aquaculture can play and needs to play in our collective future

Seaweeds, as the name implies covers the macroscopic plant life of the sea except the flowering plants. Most of the seaweeds are attached to rocks and also grow oh other plants as epiphytes. Along the coastline of India, seaweeds are abundant where rocky or coral formations occur. This sort of substratum is found in the states .of Tamil Nadu and Gujsrst and in the vicinity of Bombay, Ratnagiri, Goa, Karwar, Vizhinjam, Varkala, Vishakapatnam and in the Lakshadweep and Andaman-Nicobar Islands. The seaweeds are classified into three important Q'Oups namely Green, Brown and Red seaweeds. Seaweeds contain different vitamins, minerals, trace elements and proteins. Seaweeds are also a rich source of iodine.

Adhesion of Chlorella vulgaris (chlorophyceae), Nitzschia amphibia (bacillariophceae) and Chroococcus minutus (cyanobacteria) to hydrophobic (perspex, titanium and stainless steel 316-L), hydrophilic (glass) and toxic (copper, aluminium brass and admiralty brass) substrata were studied in the laboratory. The influence ofsurface wettability, surface roughness, pH of the medium, culture age, culture density, cell viability and presence of organic and bacterial films on the adhesion of Nitzschia amphibia was also studied using titanium, stainless steel and glass surfaces. All three organisms attached more on titanium and stainless steel and less on copper and its alloys. The attachment varied significantly with respect to exposure time and different materials. The attachment was higher on rough surfaces when compared to smooth surfaces. Attachment was higher on pH 7 and above. The presence of organic film increased the attachment significantly when compared to control. The number of attached cells was found to be directly proportional to the culture density. Attachment by log phase cells was significantly higher when compared to stationary phase cells. Live cells attached more when compared to heat killed and formalin killed cells. Bacterial films of Pseudomonas putida increased the algal attachment significantly.