Integration of the fed and extractive components in an approach to aquaculture that seeks balance to protection of the environment and increasing total production. Our human tendency is focus only on high value and high production aquaculture. When an innovative aquaculture succeeds everyone adopts that system and concentrates aquaculture in areas were it was successfully. Aquaculturalists then strive to increase production by intensifying the system. This usually evolves into high-density monoculture systems. Such an approach to aquaculture leads to deterioration of environmental quality. Disease outbreaks made more virulent by the high density of organisms and by stressful environmental conditions. In pond aquaculture, the aquaculturist monitors and is responsible for balancing production with environmenal conditions. When aquaculture moves to the public waters, such as Jiaozhou Bay or Xincun Bay, the aquaculturist does not control the situation and the primary responsibility of maintaining a balance between the environment quality and aquaculture production usually shifts toa government resource management agency. In bays aquaculture is rarely the only user of the resources, and management agencies are faced with competing demands. Integrating the resource uses is not an easy task. Managers must use an approach of integrated coastal management (ICM) and must have the scientific tools to understand the impacts of various resource uses. The 3-dimensional models offer such a tool for integrating the impacts of human activity and natural environmental processes on an embayment.
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Aquaculture is growing very fast and its growth is expected to continue and it is necessary to supply fish for the ever growing population of our country. In India, fish production and consumption is considered to be important and needs to be promoted. As capture fisheries have almost become stagnant, diversification of aquaculture is highly necessary.
Considering the limited scope of freshwater aquaculture and the availability of vast coastline, open sea cage culture gained importance in the present day mariculture practice. Open sea floating cage culture is an alternative sustainable practice for rearing fish and shellfish species and polyculture along with seaweeds may also improve profitability and sustainability. Open sea cage culture is an aquaculture production system where high density of fish is cultured in floating cages. Floating cages are widely used in commercial aquaculture and individual cage units of desired shapes and sizes can be tailored to suit the needs.
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The indoor cultivation of the free-living conchocelis of a Porphyra purpurea (Roth) C. Ag. strain, isolated from Long Island Sound, was established, and the effects of both photoperiod and cultural temperature on conchosporangia development were studied. Statistical analysis revealed that temperatures between 10°C and 15°C and light phases between 12 and 16 h per day comprised an ideal growth “window” for both the vegetative growth and reproductive development of conchocelis. For vegetative growth, there was a significant interaction between temperature and photoperiod. Conchospores were released from mature conchosporangia under both neutral (12/12 h) and long (16/8 h) day lengths. Different seawater supplements, such as full- and half-strength Von Stosch enrichment, showed no significantly different effects on growth or development. This work provides a guideline for maintaining conchocelis cultures of P. purpurea , which is a type of the Porphyra genus.
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On December 3 and 4, 2009, the Long Island Sound Study (LISS) brought together an international roster of experts to discuss new and innovative technologies to address the management of eutrophication and hypoxia in the Long Island Sound. The workshop explored the potential application of extractive aquaculture technologies of macroalgal and shellfish cultivation for nutrient mitigation in the near shore estuarine environments of the Sound. Nutrient bioextraction is defined here as “an environmental management strategy by which nutrients are removed from an aquatic ecosystem through the harvest of enhanced biological production, including the aquaculture of suspension-feeding shellfish or algae.” These emerging technologies would complement existing nutrient source control programs. The workshop program was designed to bring experts in macroalgae and shellfish cultivation, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), resource economics and coastal modeling together with local partners to discuss the potential benefits of these technologies to the Sound and other urban estuarine environments. Goals of the workshop included: increasing awareness of alternatives for nutrient management on the part of federal/state/municipal agencies and coastal managers; an assessment of the local feasibility of this approach including suggestions for pilot projects and locations; and the identification of opportunities for economic incentives for nutrient bioextraction through nitrogen credit trading or other practices.
The workshop was co-sponsored by the Long Island Sound Study (a partnership of federal and state agencies, user groups, concerned organizations, and individuals dedicated to restoring and protecting the Sound), Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, and University of Connecticut, and was held at the University of Connecticut’s Stamford Campus. Over 100 people were in attendance each day. Participants represented a variety of organizations, including local, state and fede ral agencies, shellfish growers and industry representatives, academics and non-profits. Invited speakers were as follows:
1) Bela Buck, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar Research, Bremerhaven, Germany;
2) Alejandro Buschmann, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile;
3) Stephen Cross, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada;
4) Hauke Kite-Powell, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA;
5) Dale Kiefer, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
6) Richard Langan, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA;
7) Odd Lindahl, University of Gothenburg, Sweden;
8) Robin Miller, HydroQual, Inc., New Jersey, USA;
9) Roger Newell, Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland, Cambridge, Maryland, USA;
10) Robert Rheault, East Coast Shellfish Growers Association, Wakefield, Rhode Island, USA; &
11) Kurt Stephenson, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USAThe structure of the workshop was a series of dynamic presentations on the first day and morning of the second day. The entire afternoon of the second day was devoted to a panel discussion by experts in aquaculture and local environmental laws and regulations. The panel was moderated by Charles Yarish from the University of Connecticut. Panelists were as follows:
1) Jeanette Brown, Executive Director of the Stamford Water Pollution Control Authority and advisory board member of the Connecticut Nitrogen Credit Exchange Program, Stamford, CT, USA
2) David Carey, Director of the Connecticut Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Aquaculture, Milford, CT, USA
3) Curt Johnson, Senior Staff Attorney, Connecticut Fund for the Environment, New Haven, CT, USA
4) Paul Mankiewicz, Executive Director of the Gaia Institute, Bronx, NY, USA
5) Robert Rheault, Executive Director of the East Coast Shellfish Growers Association, Wakefield, RI, USA -
Aquatic foods are increasingly being recognized as having an important role to play in an environmentally sustainable and nutritionally sufficient food system. Proposals for increasing aquatic food production often center around species, environments, and ambitious hi-tech solutions that mainly will benefit the 16% of the global population living in high-income countries. Meanwhile, most aquaculture species and systems suffer from large performance gaps, meaning that targeted interventions and investments could significantly boost aquatic food supply and access to nutritious foods without a concomitant increase in environmental foot- prints. Here we contend that the dialogue around aquatic foods should pay greater attention to identifying and implementing interventions to improve the productivity and environmental performance of low-value commodity species that have been relatively overlooked in this regard to date. We detail a range of available technical and institutional intervention options and evaluate their potential for increasing the output and envi- ronmental performance of global aquaculture.
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To compare the nutritional quality of TPG (Teleaulax / Plagioselmis / Geminigera) clade species of cryptomonads with that of RHO (Rhodomonas / Rhinomonas / Storeatula) clade species 6 Teleaulax amphioxeia (TA) and 1 Rhinomonas sp. strains were mass-cultured in newly designed 500-L photobioreactors to the end of exponential growth phase. Intraspecific variations (IVs) in terms of one standard deviation among the 6 TA strains in the compositions of the three macronutrients were 41.5 (protein), 89.8 (lipid), and 15.6% (carbohydrate) of the mean. When harvested from stationary growth phase mean compositions of essential amino acids (EAAs, 47.3%) and non-EAAs (52.7%) of the 2 TA strains, CR-MAL07 and CR-MAL08-2, were similar to those of a Chroomonas strain. The IVs between the 2 TA strains in the composition of EAAs (10.3 and 2.4) and non-EAAs (8.5 and 2.1% of the mean) were rather smaller than those of saturated fatty acids (30.3 and 26.1) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs, 12.0 and 12.5% of the mean) in f/2-Si and urea-based compound fertilizer (UCF) culture media, respectively. Mean compositions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 17.9%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 12.7%) of total fatty acids of the 2 TA strains were higher than those that of a Chroomonas strain. EPA and DHA compositions exhibited similar level of IVs between the 2 TA strains in f/2-Si (14.6 and 11.0) and UCF media (12.6 and 13.5% of the mean). Thus, the nutritional quality in terms of amino acids, UFAs, EPA, and DHA in a TPG clade species, T. amphioxeia was comparable to those of RHO clade species with notable IVs. Practically, biotechnological targets for TPG clade cryptomonad strains might be subspecies or clone level.
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Introductions of non-indigenous species to new ecosystems are one of the major threats to biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services. Globally, species introductions may lead to biotic homogenisation, in synergy with other anthropogenic disturbances such as climate change and coastal pollution. Successful marine introductions depend on (1) presence of a transport vector, uptake of propagules and journey survival of the species; (2) suitable environmental conditions in the receiving habitat; and (3) biological traits of the invader to facilitate establishment. Knowledge has improved of the distribution, biology and ecology of high profile seaweed invaders, e.g. Caulerpa taxifolia, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, Sargassum muticum, and Undaria pinnatifida. Limited, regional information is available for less conspicuous species. The mechanisms of seaweed introductions are little understood as research on introduced seaweeds has been mostly reactive, following discoveries of introductions. Sources of introductions mostly cannot be determined with certainty apart from those directly associated with aquaculture activities and few studies have addressed the sometimes serious ecological and economic impacts of seaweed introductions. Future research needs to elucidate the invasion process, interactions between invaders, and impacts of introductions to support prevention and management of seaweed introductions. -
Agarophyte, Gracilaria edulis was not occuring in Minicoy lagoon .With a view to bringing in this commercially important resource into the vast lagoon of Minicoy Island, seed material of G. edulis was introduced from Kavaratti Island (Lakshadweep. 400 Km north of Minicoy) and Gulf of Mannar (Mandapam) in the year March 1990.
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The invasive Asiatic red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla has recently spread rapidly around the globe. In the Northwest Atlantic, it was first collected in Virginia during 1998; in New England, it was first recorded from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island in 2007. Until now, the specific dates of its introduction and current distribution in New England have been poorly understood. We employed a combination of field collections, evaluations of historical herbarium specimens, and molecular investigations (including mt-CO1 gene sequencing) to document its present distribution and approximate dates of introduction within New England. We found G. vermiculophylla at 18 of 24 Northwest Atlantic sites growing with native Gracilaria populations. Presently, it is recorded from Stamford, CT to Greenland, NH, with no populations known from five Maine sites where the native G. tikvahiae grows. Molecular screening of historical specimens revealed that G. vermiculophylla was collected from five sites in Massachusetts during 2000, whereas it was first documented in New Hampshire from the middle of the Great Bay Estuarine System (i.e., Dover Point) during 2003. In Rhode Island, initial specimens were documented during 2007, and those in Connecticut were first confirmed during 2010. As G. vermiculophylla has gone primarily undetected in New England since at least 2000, this highlights the difficulty of documenting the arrival and spread of an invasive species that closely resembles a native congener. Hence, DNA sequencing is critical in clarifying the introduction and expansion of such non-native seaweeds.
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Inscribed to Mrs. Dietz
Madam, --
In this humble attempt to awaken an interest in this subject, and to register, as far as I am acquainted, a catalogue of genuine American Algae, I am actuated only by a motive to advance a science, the study of which had afforded me so much pleasure, and in which, I feel assured, you take much interest.
I was induced to inscribe it to you, Madam, because it is a branch of Natural History free and open to be perused by females as by men - a branch which men have not entirely appropriated to themselves; likewise, because ladies in Great Britian have been so successful as to make some of the most important discoveries, and aided in rendering assistance in raising Algology to the proper rank it now maintains as a class in Natural History. Ladies have also excelled in this country in the beautiful display of specimens in their albums, and deserve much credit not only for preserving many species from oblivion, but also for awakening thereby an interest in this subject of those who could otherwise have been enlisted. England boast proudly and justly of her Mrs. Griffiths, Miss Cutler, and Miss Hutchins. Give us time, opportunity, and encouragment, and why should not the names of Mrs. Dietz, Mrs. Fisher, and Miss French be as proudly hailed by Americans for the efforts they will make to place this neglected science on the same exalted mineuce it has attained in Europe.
Most respectfully,
John Hooper
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