As early as 1927, Prof. M. O. P. Iyengar gave a brief account of the flora of Krusadai Island and other collecting grounds in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay areas near Mandapam. Later on, Boergesen (1937a, b ; 1938) reported a large number of the algae occurring around Mandapam in his contributions on south Indian algal flora, but the green algae of this area were not included in this work. Since then, detailed attempts have not been made to study the algal flora of Mandapam, but for a provisional list of algae of Krusadai Island (Chacko et ah, 1955) and a paper on a new species of Halicystis (Iyengar & Ramanathan, 1954). While working on some ecological aspects of marine algae of Mandapam, the author had the opportunity to collect algae in the different seasons of the year, in the vicinity of Mandapam (79°8' E, 9''17' N) and nearby places like Pudumadam and Kilakarai. Among the collections made since 1964 some plants have not been previously recorded from Mandapam area ; a list of these algae is given in this report with brief notes on their distribution.
Digital library
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Natural waters often contain complex mixtures of unknown contaminants potentially posing a threat to marine communities through chemical interactions. Here, acute effects of the photosystem II-inhibiting herbicides diuron, tebuthiuron, atrazine, simazine, and hexazinone, herbicide breakdown products (des- ethyl-atrazine (DEA) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA)) and binary mixtures, were investigated using three tropical benthic microalgae; Navicula sp. and Cylindrotheca closterium (Ochrophyta) and Nephrosel- mis pyriformis (Chlorophyta), and one standard test species, Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Ochrophyta), in a high-throughput Maxi-Imaging-PAM bioassay (Maxi-IPAM). The order of toxicity was; diuron > hexazi- none > tebuthiuron > atrazine > simazine > DEA > 3,4-DCA for all species. The tropical green alga N. pyri- formis was up to 10-fold more sensitive than the diatoms tested here and reported for coral symbionts, and is recommended as a standard tropical test species for future research. All binary mixtures exhibited additive toxicity, and the use of herbicide equivalents (HEq) is therefore recommended in order to incor- porate total-maximum-load measures for environmental regulatory purposes.
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The adsorption of mixture of two basic dyes methylene blue and malachite green in aqueous solution onto jack fruit leaf ash in a batch system with respect to initial dye concentrations, pH, contact time, shaker speed and adsorbent doses was investigated.. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second- order kinetics model were used to describe the kinetic data. The rate constants at different pH values (3-9.1) were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Maximum adsorption capacity was 20.41mg/g was achieved by Langmuir isotherm model. Error analysis was done to find the best model that described the experimental data well and it was the Langmuir model. The result indicated that jack fruit leaf ash could be fruitfully employed as low cost adsorbent for the removal of mixture of two basic dyes MB and MG from the wastewater.
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Comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in biofuel technology
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40 chapters written by almost 100 contributing researchers
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Topics arranged in 8 sections
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IMTA plus renewable energy production is food-aquaculture that scales up to meet 100% of world energy demand based on enhancing a natural ecosystem. In the long term, IMTA+E can economically and environmentally replace world fossil fuel use, while expanding food supplies with fish and plants and reversing global warming.
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This PowerPoint presentation (in PDF format) discusses nutrition and selection of soybean versus fishmeal for aquaculture feeds. Written for the Aquaculture Innovation Workshop, January 2011.
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Background: A wide range of conventional and non-conventional technologies have been employed to extract a wide range of bioactive compounds from the complex matrices of seaweeds. Green extraction technologies are increasingly employed to improve extraction efficiencies.
Scope and approach: The objective of this review was to outline various approaches employed for the extraction of bioactives from seaweeds. This review covers various pretreatment methods generally employed prior to extraction, and their combinations with conventional and green extraction technologies. Novel technologies which can be employed with or without pretreatments to improve existing processes are also discussed.
Key findings: The role of pretreatments is of utmost importance and have significant impacts on the quality and quantity of target compounds. Combinations of different cell disruption technologies and extraction methods can enhance the extractability of compounds with higher purity and contribute towards improved process efficiency.
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Brown macroalgae are an attractive, untapped resource and a favourable alternative for conventional fossil fuels, given their low lignin and high polysaccharide content. However, the restricted bioavailability of structurally complex carbohydrates for digestion, results in a low biomethane potential. This paper reviews the various pretreatment technologies explored to optimise saccharification prior to fermentation, categorised as: physical, biological, chemical, thermal and a combination of methods. A techno-economic assessment was conducted to evaluate the commercial viability of each process. Hydrothermal pretreatment proves the most promising technique for brown algae application, since it improves methane productivity, carries a net positive energy balance and generates a bio-fertilizer, while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Pilot scale research is ne- cessary to evaluate the feasibility of full-scale implementation for brown algae bioconversion. A case study of the CambiTM process concludes the paper as it exemplifies the successful utilisation of hydrothermal pretreatment for sewage sludge biogas production.
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Despite 40 years of research and development, and hundreds of millions of dollars spent, aquaculture is struggling to realize its high biophysical potential in Africa. Hampered by ineffective institutional arrangements and donor-driven projects, the substantial gains in desperately needed food security and economic growth predicted by development agencies have generally not been achieved. Neverthe- less, African aquaculture has demonstrated its competitiveness, producing fishes that feed low on the food chain in a range of well-adapted, environmentally friendly and profitable farming systems that meet the needs of a broad spectrum of user-groups. Key constraints to broader growth include lack of good quality seed, feed and technical advice; poor market infrastructure and access; and weak policies that, rather than accelerate, impede expansion, largely by emphasizing central planning over private sector initiative. If African aquaculture is to make substantial and much needed contributions to the continent’s development, government policy should attempt to facilitate the alleviation of key constraints and rely more heavily on commercial investments to lead future growth. Evidence to date indicates that a pragmatic business approach focusing on small and medium-scale private enterprises would produce more benefits for more people than centrally planned and government led development projects.
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The relationship between fisheries and aquaculture is acomplex one: cooperative, adversarial, integrated, or isolateddepending on the situation. The roles of the American Fisher-ies Society (AFS) and other stakeholder groups in supportingaquaculture are similarly complex. Although AFS has its histor-ical roots in aquaculture, starting in 1870 as the American FishCulturists’ Association (AFCA), there are those who questionthe role of AFS in supporting the development of commercialaquaculture. From the early days to the present, the primaryaquaculture constituency of the AFCA and now the AFS FishCulture Section (FCS) has been in the public sector, supporting recreational and commercial fisheries or, increasingly, restor-ing threatened or endangered species. If we primarily representfisheries professionals working with state and federal agencies,what is our responsibility and interest toward the developmentof the commercial aquaculture industry? In this article, we ex-plore the following:
- Why should AFS members be engaged in scientificresearch, policy development, management, and devel-opment of commercial aquaculture?
- The evolving roles of federal agencies, industry organi-zations, and professional societies who are involved inaddressing aquaculture’s potential and challenges.
- The role that AFS and its members play in fostering thesustainable development of commercial aquaculture.
AFS currently represents many who culture fish in both thepublic and the private sectors and a great number of fisheriesprofessionals who are involved in fish physiology, genetics, nu-trition, conservation, economics, ecology, and many other alliedfields critical for advancing common fisheries and aquacultureinterests. Even those fisheries professionals with no direct in-volvement in aquaculture per se undoubtedly have an interest inthe biological and economic interactions between fisheries andaquaculture and ensuring that the use of wild and farmed fishesis governed with an eye to sustainability, ecosystem manage-ment, and minimizing adverse impacts from either sector.
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Marine Agronomy Group, CAFNRM, UH-Hilo
200 W. Kawili st., HI 96720, USA
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