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Photosynthetic responses to temperature were examined in tetrasporophytes of Lomentaria baileyana and Lomentaria orcadensis (Rhodophyta). These species have different temperature ranges for growth that reflect seasonal temperature extremes in their natural distributions. L. baileyana is a temperate-subtropical species which grows between 15 and 33°C, whereas L. orcadensis is a boreal-temperate species which grows between 10 and 20°C. Interspecific differences in the photosynthetic responses to temperature were similar to those for growth, suggesting that photosynthesis may determine the temperature range over which Lomentaria tetrasporophytes can grow. Light-saturated rates of photosynthesis were higher in L. orcadensis below 15°C, whereas L. baileyana could photosynthesize at temperatures above 30°C, which inhibited photosynthesis in L. orcadensis. These differences were attributable to genetic adaptations of photosynthetic metabolism because both species were grown under identical conditions for several months prior to the experiments. Phycoerythrin fluorescence studies and photosynthesis-irradiance responses determined in red and green light indicated that the high-temperature-induced breakdown of energy transfer from phycoerythrin to the photosynthetic reaction centres occurred at a lower temperature in L. orcadensis than in L. baileyana. Low-temperature-enhanced photoinhibition may account for the decreased photosynthetic performance of L. baileyana at temperatures below 15°C.

Seaweed is a general nomenclature used species of algae and marine plants breed in water bodies like rivers and oceans. They grow in a wide range of sizes from microscopic to stupendous. Seaweed, or macroalgae as it is known scientifically, includes over 10,000 species of the fastest growing plants on earth. Seaweeds come in an amazing variety of beautiful shapes, colors and sizes, and are found in all of the World. They are most abundant in shallow rocky coastal areas, especially where they are exposed at low tide. Seaweed is taxonomically classified under four groups according to the color of photosynthetic pigments namely red algae (rhodophyta), brown algae (phaeophyta), green algae (chlorophyta), and blue-green algae (cyanophyta).

Seaweeds are one of the most nutritionally and therapeutically valuable foods. Their value to health is largely due to their high mineral content and the therapeutic sulfated polysaccharides. Seaweeds are also a source of all the known vitamins, chlorophylls, lignans, polyphenols, antioxidants and chemical diversity including pigments, polysacccharides, organic, and inorganic compounds which are used as animal fodder, food, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceutical. 

The aim of this review is to accumulate in brief, the therapeutics and medicinal uses of seaweed on the some mentioned ailments.

Seas and oceans represent a big store for beneficial algae. It is a real fact that the importance of marine organisms as a source of new substances is growing. With marine species comprising approximately a half of the total global biodiversity, the sea offers an enormous resource for novel compounds and it is classified as the largest remaining reservoir of natural molecules to be evaluated for drug activity. A very different kind of substances have been obtained from marine organisms among other reasons because they are living in a very exigent, competitive and aggressive surrounding very different in many aspects from the terrestrial environment, a situation that demands the production of quite specific and potent active molecules. The present review is focusing on the following topics: Seaweeds in India, nutritional and medicinal values of seaweeds, antimicrobial activity of seaweeds and uses of seaweeds.

Spirulina biomass accounts for 30% of the total algae biomass production globally. In conventional process of Spirulina biomass production, cultivation using chemical-based culture medium contributes 35% of the total production cost. Moreover, the environmental impact of cultivation stage is the highest among all the production stages which resulted from the extensive usage of chemicals and nutrients. Thus, various types of culture medium such as chemical-based, modified, and alternative culture medium with highlights on wastewater medium is reviewed on the recent advances of culture media for Spirulina cultivation. Further study is needed in modifying or exploring alternative culture media utilising waste, wastewater, or by-products from industrial processes to ensure the sustainability of environment and nutrients source for cultivation in the long term. Moreover, the current development of utilising wastewater medium only support the growth of Spirulina however it cannot eliminate the negative impacts of wastewater. In fact, the recent developments in coupling with wastewater treatment technology can eradicate the negative impacts of wastewater while supporting the growth of Spirulina. The application of Spirulina cultivation in wastewater able to resolve the global environmental pollution issues, produce value added product and even generate green electricity. This would benefit the society, business, and environment in achieving a sustainable circular bioeconomy.