Digital library

  • PROCEEDINGS OF THE REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SEAWEED CULTURE AND MARKETING

    Eucheuma seaweed culture was initiated and developed in the Philippines in the late 1960's by Dr.Maxwell Doty's team. Today, Eucheuma industry has become one of the most important fishery export industries of the Philippines. Contrary to the Philippines where seaweed farming is widespread and well developed, the Pacific island countries have experienced great difficulties, both of social and economic nature in establishing the cultivation of carrageenophytes. However, the great potential of seaweed farming in rural development has motivated Pacific countries to look at the seaweed industry very seriously.

    The first trial of Eucheuma culture in the South Pacific was carried out in Fiji in the mid 1970's with imported seedstock from the Philippines though this trial was not successful. In 1977 another trial of Eucheuma culture was carried out by Dr. M. Doty at Christmas Island, Kiribati. The seedstock of Eucheuma was brought from Hawaii, originally having come from the Philippines. The seed was afterward introduced to Tarawa from Christmas Island in 1981. Then, to Tonga from Tarawa in 1982, to Fiji from Tonga in 1984 and to Solomon Islands from Fiji in 1987. The first commercial shipment of 2 mt dried Eucheuma from the region was made in 1984 from Tarawa. In the region Eucheuma is currently exported from Fiji, Kiribati and Federated States of Micronesia. Culture trials are being or have been undertaken in Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and French Polynesia.

    In 1986, Fiji became the major Eucheuma growing country in the region, with 200 mt of dried Eucheuma exported in 1986 and 277 mt in 1987. However, in 1988, Eucheuma culture was totally deteriorated because of the political change that happened in the country and the sudden withdrawal of the sole Eucheuma buyer from New Zealand.

    In order to overcome the marketing crisis in Fiji, most of Eucheuma buyers were contacted world-wide through the FAO network. As a result, the FMC Corporation Marine Colloids Division visited Fiji in the late 1988 and showed interest in trading the Fiji Eucheuma.

    In the Pacific island context, the culture of seaweed could be beneficial for rural development. Owing to the low technology involved in farming and the small initial capital investment required, seaweed culture holds considerable promise for developing exports, providing employment, as an alternative source of income for rural fisherman and for exploiting extensive reef and lagoon areas suitable for mariculture purposes. Fiji started an arrangement of restoration programme of Eucheuma culture in 1989.

    During the Second Technical Sub-committee Meeting of the Forum Fisheries Committee 16th Meeting held at Majuro in April 1989, a special meeting on seaweed culture development was organized among the Eucheuma growing and interested countries. In this meeting the countries emphasized the need for studies on marketing of dried Eucheuma, production economics and development of other potential seaweeds culture.

    In response to this regional need together with aiming at promotion of Eucheuma culture in Fiji, the SPADP organized a workshop on seaweed culture and marketing for both the region and the country of Fiji, in association with the Marine Colloids Division and the Fiji Fisheries Division. The main objectives of this workshop were to:

    Encourage Eucheuma seaweed culture in the Pacific region by describing and practically demonstrating appropriate culture techniques including introduction of a newly developed culture practice;

    • Demonstrate baling processes and explain product quality control for the export market;

    • Provide opportunities for the exchange of up-dated information, and discussion on the present situation, trends and constraints of international seaweed culture and marketing with international experts and marketing authorities.

    We wish to thank the regional participants who prepared country reports, all the people of Kiuva village who accepted our field tour, for the warm-hearted and unforgettable hospitality shown to the participants, the staff of the Fiji Fisheries Division who arranged for the installation of the baling machine, the University of the South Pacific who kindly hosted the workshop, and the Marine Colloids Division's staff and the invited experts for their invaluable contribution.

    It is the workshop organizer and the editor's hope that the proceedings of this workshop will be a valuable resource for both those interested in setting up seaweed farms and government officials who need to assess the prospects for seaweed farming in their countries.

    Author(s): ROBERTO FOSCARINI, TIM ADAMS

  • PROCEEDINGS of The 5th International Conference on Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries

    As the world population is drastically increasing, industrialization and urbanization are also increasing. Eventually, environmental pollution is increasing, and the amount of arable land is decreasing. Water scarcity is becoming a challenge throughout the world in that nearly half of the world population will experience water shortage. The rate of water utilization increases at twice the rate in the world as compared to the increases in the human population. This proves that water is no longer to be considered an infinite source. Sustainable use of agricultural and environmental sources will optimize the skills and use of technology to achieve long-term stability of agricultural enterprise, environmental protection, and consumer safety. Sustainable agriculture and environment could be achieved through management strategies which help the producer select hybrids and varieties, soil conserving cultural practices, soil fertility programs, crop rotation, weed, pest and disease management programs, strategic use of animal and green manures and use of natural or synthetic inputs in a way that poses no significant hazard to human beings, animals, or the environment. Sustainable agriculture and environment incorporates heathy environment and economic profitability along with providing food needs to the society. The Food and Agricultural Organization reported that more than half of the water sources were used for irrigation in the world. Industrial and municipal usage of water comes after irrigation. Therefore, water demand could further affect the amount of water utilization in agricultural sectors. This may cause water crisis in and among countries. To deal with this potential water crisis, new water management approaches and strategies are required for all sectors, in particular, the agricultural sector. Application of new technologies (precision agriculture) help to increase the sustainable usage of water sources in agriculture while enable higher crop production. Excess utilization of fertilizers and pesticides causes contamination of surface water and groundwater sources. Use of salt-rich irrigation waters increases the salinization. Water content and salinity level have a vital effect on both quality and quantity of agricultural crops. Therefore, necessary sustainable steps should be taken to handle all these issues. This conference brought together a large number of researchers, students and professionals from all over the world to discuss the technological developments and applications on sustainable agriculture and environment. The main topic areas that covered were social and economic aspects of environment, biology and agriculture, sustainable development, tropical agriculture, biodiversity, biotechnology, horticulture, plants, animal production, climate change, environment, local ecological knowledge, water management, soil conservation, agriculture social economics, integrated pest management, food security, and other related agricultural and environmental issues. All the abstracts and selected papers are now available in this “proceeding book”. The editors would like to thank all the attendees who brought their generous contributions to the organization of another successful conference. Lastly, we would like to thank the organizing committee members for their time and efforts dedicated to making 5th ICSAE a successful event.

    Author(s): Mithat Direk, Halis Simsek

  • Proceedings of The 1st “International Conference On Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) 2015

    From August 18-21, 2015 Tual State Fisheries Polytechnic was pleased to host The First biannual “International Conference On Applied Marine Science and Fisheries Technology (MSFT) 2015” with main theme “Enforcing Sustainable Development of Marine Resources of Small Island”. MSFT 2015 was held in Langgur, Kei Islands, Southeast Maluku Regency, Indonesia. The Organizing Committee was pleased to note that the event gained significant interest, With over 40 National and International speakers from, Australia, United States of America, Sweden, Denmark, Malaysia, German and France and Indonesia from 22 institutions around te world as well as 31 oral presenters 18 poster presentations during 4 panel sessions. The conference hosted six keynote presentations. Dr. Zainal Arifin (Indoneisia) “Potential of Marine Pollution from Oil and Gas Industries in Eastern Indonesia and Its Prevention Efforts”, Prof. Les Christidis (Australia) presented “Incorporating diversity in aquaculture approaches as a way of future proofing the sustainable development of marine resources of small islands”, Prof. Laszlo Szekely, MD, PhD (Sweden) presented “Do we need thousand new anti-cancer drugs and can we find them in the sea?”, Assoc.Prof. Fil.Dr Tomas Cedhagen (Denmark) presented “Environmental Monitoring Through next-generation sequence Metabarcoding: Assessing The Impact of Fish Farming on bentchic macro and meiofauna communities”, Prof. Hans Glise, MD, PhD (Sweden) presented “Monetizing Marine Biodiversity for Economic Development in a Sustainable way” and Dr. Andreas Kunzmann (Germany) presented “Improving Seaweed Farmers Livelihoods Through Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and High Quality Seaweed Processing” We wish to express our gratutide to sponsors that generously assisted the work of MSFT 2015, Bank Mandiri, Bank Modern and Bank BRI. The organizing committee was delighted with the success of the conference, and wishes to note that the conference would not have occurred without the efforts of the many members of the committee, who gave generously of their time. Finally, editors have worked hard to review and edited all papers of MSFT Proceeding and we apologize if there are still any shortcoming and it will be our valuable evaluation for better work in coming years. We thank all authors and participants for their contributions.

    Author(s): Politeknik Perikanan Negeri Tual , Eugenius Alfred Renjaan, Gino Valentino Limmon, Ismael Marassabessy, Wellem Anselmus Teniwut, Cenny Putnarubun, Riska Andalina, Meiskyana Reynold Renyaan, Martha Rettob, Dani Sjafardan Royani, Syahibul Kahfi Hamid, Linda Dangeubun , Agmi S.P Beruat , Semuel Balubun, Maria M. Ngamelubun

  • Principles for attaining maximal microalgal productivity in photobioreactors: an overview

    Efficient management of mass algal cultures requires appreciation of the most important factors governing the light regime of the average cell, i.e. the interrelationships between the intensity of the light source - never the sole factor involved in mass culture productivity - and the optimal cell density affected by the optical path. The latter is a dominant factor in photosynthetic productivity of ultra high cell density cultures (UHDC) cultured in flat plate reactors. Indeed, a very short optical path (5-10 mm) permits a most efficient use of strong light by facilitating ultra-high cell densities (ca. 10-20 g dry cell mass I-I), in which the condensed cells are exposed to very high frequency light/dark cycles. Another important feature of dense cultures concerns the very small but highly efficient light dose available to cells under extreme mutual shading. The low productivity of the single cell in the culture is well compensated, in terms of culture productivity, by the high culture cell mass exposed to very high frequency light/dark cycles. The combined effects of all these factors result in high efficiency of strong light-use for photosynthesis. UHDC are associated with growth inhibition which represents a severe production obstacle. Once this aspect is better understood and managed, UHDC in ultra short optical path reactors may become a useful production mode of photoautotrophic cell mass and secondary metabolites.

    Author(s): Amos Richmond

  • Principles and science of stocking marine areas with sea cucumbers

    Clearly stating the goals of stocking builds an essential platform for success. The scales, methodologies, management and time frames of the interventions can then be matched to the original goals. Stock enhancement, restocking and sea ranching will involve different stocking strategies. The genetic risks to wild stocks must be minimised by preventing translocation of juvenile sea cucumbers to different locations than those where broodstock were collected, unless studies show broad genetic homogeneity of the stock. Cultured juveniles are easily marked by immersion in a fluorochrome solution (e.g. tetracycline or calcein), which provides a long-term, unequivocal means of distinguishing hatchery-produced animals from wild conspecifics. Use of open sea pens is an experimental tool that provides better estimates of early stocking success. Juvenile density can be assessed by searching through sand and mud in quadrats by hand, whereas sub-adults and adults can be surveyed visually in transects with a stratified arrangement. Proponents of sea cucumber stocking in the wild should be conservative and realistic about the expected returns; 1 in 5–10 (10–20%) of released juvenile sea cucumbers surviving to market size is a benchmark. Clear goals, use of existing technology, and realistic expectations in sea ranching and restocking of sea cucumbers will provide the foundation for success.

    Author(s): Steven W. Purcell

  • Primary productivity of seaweeds in the lagoon of Minicoy atoll of Laccadive archipelago

    Net primary production (NPP) of 10 commonly available seaweeds varied from 2 to 10 g C/m3/day. The NPP of Enteromorpha compressa and Hypnea valentiae were the highest and that of Caulerpapeltata was the lowest. The mean of NPP of these 10 seaweeds when measured individually was 5.68 g C/m3/d and that of all seaweeds incubated collectively registered 5.32 g C/m3/d. Hence it is presumed that the probable rate of NPP of seaweed community contributing to Minicoy lagoon is approximately 5g/C/m3/d. Except for C.peltata E.compressa and Gelidiella acerosa. The NPP of other species was higher at bottom than at the surface of the lagoon. The results obtained are discussed in the light of distribution of seaweed in Minicoy Lagoon.

    Author(s): Kaladharan, P, Kandan, S

  • Prevention of cardiovascular disease through modulation of endothelial cell function by dietary seaweed intake

    Seaweed is consumed as part of the traditional diet in Southeast Asia and has been shown to have the potential to prevent several chronic diseases. Recent studies have focused on the relationships between the components contained in seaweed and their usefulness for the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review describes the protective effects of seaweed components on vascular endothelial cell damage and its prophylactic role against CVD. Information on clinical trials (e.g., randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses) was obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science, by searching for studies on the usefulness of seaweed consumption by humans and seaweed constituents. In addition, the CVD-related effects of the components contained in seaweed were analyzed based on information from cellular and animal models. Seaweed has been shown to have preventive effects on CVDs, such as arteriosclerosis and hypertension. Furthermore, researchers have clarified the mechanisms through which the components contained in seaweed prevent damage to vascular endothelial cells and alleviate arteriosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. In particular, fucoidan, fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, and phlorotannin have been shown to exert potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, thereby contributing to CVD prevention by protecting vascular endothelial cells. Components contained in seaweed may prevent damage to vascular endothelial cells and block the development of CVD. The protective effects of the components contained in these seaweeds against vascular endothelial dysfunction suggest that consumption of seaweed may have applications in the prevention of CVDs.

    Author(s): Kazuo Yamagata

  • Pretreatment and co-digestion of wastewater sludge for biogas production: Recent research advances and trends

    Currently, sludge is not considered as a waste any more, since it is capable of producing valuable products. Besides land disposal and thermochemical processes (i.e. pyrolysis, combustion, gasification), biological processes appear as promising valorisation routes to treat wastewater sludge efficiently. Anaerobic digestion (AD) processes are already being applied at industrial scales for the effective disposal and valorisation of sludge. However, methane yields from sludge anaerobic digestion remain low compared to other types of organic waste. Thus, pretreatment and co-digestion contribute to improve the degradability of organic matter and methane potential of sludge, respectively. This paper reviews the recent achievements in sludge pretreatment and codigestion with other substrates such as the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, fatty waste, lignocellulosic and algal biomass. Furthermore, recent studies combining co-digestion and pretreatment are examined. The paper also provides recommendations to better manage sludge recovery by taking into account multiple aspects such as techno-economic feasibility, the effect of pretreatment on both the physico-chemical properties of sludge and the quality of digestate. The socio-environmental and legislative aspects are also essential in order to ensure the sustainability of the process.

    Author(s): D. Elalami, H. Carrere, F. Monlau, K. Abdelouahdi, A. Oukarroum, A. Barakat

  • Preserving Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima as Silages for Ruminant Feeding

    The study analyzed the characteristics, chemical composition, and in vitro gas production kinetics of Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima silages. Each seaweed was ensiled in vacuum bags (three bags/silage) following a 2 × 3 factorial design, with two pre-treatments (unwilted or pre-wilted) and three silage types: unwashed seaweed ensiled without additive; seaweed washed and ensiled without additive; and seaweed washed and ensiled with 4 g of formic acid (FAC) per kg seaweed. Silages were kept for 3 months in darkness at 20 °C. Pre-wilting prevented (p < 0.001) effluent formation and reduced (p ≤ 0.038) the production of NH3-N and volatile fatty acids for both seaweeds. Both pre-wilting and washing increased (p < 0.05) the ruminal degradability of P. umbilicalis silages but not of S. latissima silages. The pH of the FAC-treated silages was below 4.0, but ranged from 4.54 to 6.23 in non FAC-treated silages. DL-lactate concentrations were low (≤23.0 g/kg dry matter) and acetate was the predominant fermentation product, indicating a non-lactic fermentation. The estimated ruminal degradability of the P. umbilicalis and S. latissima silages was as average, 59.9 and 86.1% of that for high-quality rye-grass silages, respectively, indicating a medium-low nutritional value of these seaweed silages for ruminants.

    Author(s): Martin Riis Weisbjerg, Mogens Larsen, Eduarda Molina Alcaide, María Dolores Carro Travieso, Carlos Navarro Marcos, Margarita Novoa-Garrido

  • Preserving Knowledge, Restoring Limu Abundance Growing a Network of Limu Practitioners

    Uncle Wally Ito is passionate about limu, or seaweed. He says limu has always been an integral part of Hawaiian culture, with uses in food, medicine, and religious ceremonies. In a traditional Hawaiian diet, limu was the third component of a nutritionally balanced diet along with fish and poi, providing an important source of minerals and vitamins. Limu, such as wawae‘iole (Codium edule), manauea (Gracilaria coronopifolia), ele‘ele (Ulva prolifera), kohu (Asparagopsis taxiformis), and līpoa (Dictyopteris plagiogramma), are still a common ingredient in many Hawaiian dishes, adding flavor and spice to poke and stews. “At one time there were countless diferent limu that were being consumed in Hawai‘i,” Uncle Wally says. “Today, we would be hard pressed to get a list of 20. So we’ve lost that knowledge of many kinds of limu.”

    Author(s): Josh McDaniel

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