Although Korea is third in seaweed production and second in shellfish production globally, this is the first study evaluating ecosystem services of seaweed and shellfish aquaculture in Korea. The objective of this study is to evaluate nutrient bioextraction capacities of major seaweed and shellfish species aquacultured in Korea. C (C) removal of three major aquacultured seaweed species, Neopyropia yezoensis, Saccharina japonica, and Undaria pinnatifida were 24,247, 8,423, and 12,758 tons, respectively, in 2016. N (N) removal of these species was 4,088, 732, and 1,244 tons, respectively. The C and N removal of the Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were 14,693 and 1,050 tons, respectively. Manila clams (Venerupis philippinarum) removed 2,120 tons of C and 136.5 tons of N. Together, 161,846 tons of CO2 and 7,251 tons of N were removed by three major seaweed species and two shellfish species. These values are significant amounts, equivalent to 5.7% of CO2 and 8.6% of N discharged from all wastewater treatment plants in Korea. These results suggest that nutrient bioextraction by aquacultured seaweed and shellfish can be a cost efficient, affordable, and equitable solution for coastal nutrient management programs in Korea and elsewhere.
Digital library
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A growth trial and a digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate seaweed Ulva sp. as a substitution for fish meal (FM) in commercial-type feed formulation for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Towards this goal, the 6-week growth trial utilized increasing levels (0, 6.35, 12.7, 19.05, and 25.4%) of the first batch of Ulva meal (UM1) to replace up to 8% FM in a plant-based feed formulation. At the end of the growth trial, shrimp offered diets containing 12.7, 19.05, and 25.4% UM1 exhibited significantly reduced weight gain. Apparent net protein retention (ANPR) was significantly decreased, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly increased when shrimps were fed with diets containing 19.05 and 25.4% UM1. Crude lipid content of whole shrimp samples were significantly decreased when UM1 was supplemented in the diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, energy, protein, and amino acids of two batches of Ulva meal (UM1 and UM2) were determined using chromic oxide as an inert maker and the 70:30 replacement technique. Energy and protein digestibility of UM1 and UM2 were significantly lower than FM and soybean meal (SBM) which were run at the same time. As a result of relatively low protein availability, individual amino acids digestibility of UM1 and UM2 are also significantly lower than those of FM and SBM. Results of the present study indicate that UM1 can be included in the shrimp diet up to 6.35% to replace 2% fish meal without resulting in growth depression. The low nutrients availability and high mineral contents of Ulva meal may explain a portion of the observed reduction in shrimp growth.
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To evaluate the potential of using Corn Dried Distiller's Grain with Soluble (DDGS) as a potential alternative ingredient in feeds for the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannmei.
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A PDF Power Point of "Evaluation of Biofuel Co-products as Ingredients for Aquafeeds".
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Presentation with no abstract
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The effects of aquaculture on biodiversity have been the subject of much examination, but most of the focus has been on two particular aquaculture systems: shrimp and salmon. However, these are not among the most common species grown in aquaculture, or the most common systems used. Many aquaculture systems use semi-intensive culture to produce fish at a lower level of intensity and use more natural systems, often in ponds or other containers. Semi-intensive aquaculture has a different potential impact than intensive aquaculture, and the specific impact in this area has not been well defined. The role of intensification in aquaculture and agriculture is the subject of much debate today, so this is a good time to consider the relationship between lower intensity aquaculture and biodiversity as a part of that debate. This symposium is proposed to identify and illustrate the main impacts of semi-intensive aquaculture on biodiversity, and to seek means of reducing these impacts of aquaculture expansion on organisms.
As a result of this symposium, a number of papers were prepared for the final publication. Originally we intended to do this in book form, but after some discussion with authors, publishers, and editors, we decided to publish them as a special edition of Reviews in Aquaculture. The decision on publishing venue delayed the completion of these reports beyond the planned date, but as of 15 December 2011, we have 7 of the manuscripts submitted to the journal and out for review, and there are 3 others that are still being edited. We also added one new plan for publication, which was to prepare a shorter version of the reports as a contribution from the group to Science or Nature. So far, we have drafted a version of this manuscript and it is in its second round of editing. That paper, which will be submitted to Science as a contribution to their Policy Forum, should be completed by January 15 and submitted then.
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Commercial seaweed farming efforts are expanding worldwide. The use of new species, ecosystems, and practices present many opportunities for novel research and resource management. The purpose of this project was to evaluate and advance seaweed aquaculture practices in the Western Gulf of Maine. Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) is the species of focus because it is currently the most farmed macroalga in the Northeastern United States. Fieldwork supporting the empirical studies was conducted January 2016 - May 2019 in Casco and Saco Bays, ME. Growth, yield, morphology, elemental and isotopic composition, and enzymatic activity of S. latissima were quantified across four sites. These observations were used to evaluate the nitrogen bioextraction efficiency of S. latissima farms in this region and the effect of distal-end trimming on the morphology and yield of S. latissima. Additionally, Maine kelp aquaculture was used as a case study to determine if the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture was suitable for seaweed farming and to explore the application of a multi-criteria screening model to guide the market-specific siting of seaweed aquaculture. Findings from these studies depict a high variability in ambient environmental conditions between sites and in morphological and compositional variability between individual sporophytes. On a hectare-to-hectare basis, the nitrogen bioextraction by kelp farming in the region far exceeded the nitrogen loading from riverine or atmospheric sources. Distal-end trimming had a significant effect on S. latissima stipe and blade morphology and increased late-season production yields. Furthermore, the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture was found to be applicable to the development of kelp aquaculture beyond Asia. Specific attention should be given to maintaining genetic diversity, developing best management practices, and integrating wild and farmed kelp management. Lastly, the screening analysis showed that the application of criteria specific to end-market uses of seaweed biomass results in uniquely optimal areas for cultivation. These findings are novel contributions to the fields of aquaculture research, coastal management, and phycology, and they provide a platform for continued research and development of seaweed aquaculture in the region.
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Seaweed assemblages represent the dominant autotrophic biomass in many coastal environments, playing a cen- tral structural and functional role in several ecosystems. In Europe, seaweed assemblages are highly diverse sys- tems. The combined seaweed flora of different European regions hold around 1550 species (belonging to nearly 500 genera), with new species continuously uncovered, thanks to the emergence of molecular tools. In this man- uscript we review the effects of global and local stressors on European seaweeds, their communities, and ecosys- tem functioning. Following a brief review on the present knowledge on European seaweed diversity and distribution, and the role of seaweed communities in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, we discuss the ef- fects of biotic homogenization (invasive species) and global climate change (shifts in bioclimatic zones and ocean acidification) on the distribution of individual species and their effect on the structure and functioning of sea- weed communities. The arrival of new introduced species (that already account for 5–10% of the European sea- weeds) and the regional extirpation of native species resulting from oceans' climate change are creating new diversity scenarios with undetermined functional consequences. Anthropogenic local stressors create additional disruption often altering dramatically assemblage's structure. Hence, we discuss ecosystem level effects of such stressors like harvesting, trampling, habitat modification, overgrazing and eutrophication that impact coastal communities at local scales. Last, we conclude by highlighting significant knowledge gaps that need to be ad- dressed to anticipate the combined effects of global and local stressors on seaweed communities. With physical and biological changes occurring at unexpected pace, marine phycologists should now integrate and join their research efforts to be able to contribute efficiently for the conservation and management of coastal systems.
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Kappaphycus alvarezii (Fig. 1, below), Kappaphycus striatum and Eucheuma denticulatum belong to a group of commercially important species known as the “Eucheumoid algae” and are known in the trade as “cottonii” and “spinosum”. These three species are the main source of kappa and iota carrageenan, being responsible for about 88% of worldwide raw material.
Statistical data from the FAO's (Food and Aquaculture Organization of United Nations) Fisheries and Aquaculture Departments show that the production in 2007 of these three species was about 1.6 million wet tons, with a landed value of some US$175 million.
Commercial farms are located mainly in the Philippines, Indonesia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zanzibar, and a few Pacific Islands. The success of these farms resulted in the introduction of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma to more than 25 countries, but many of them ceased farming at an experimental stage.
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FAO Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme fact sheet on Euchema which is one genus of seaweed used in the production of carrageenan and is important for aquaculture.
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