We investigated the cellular features and molecular phylogeny ofRhodelia species and related unicellular red algae including undescribed species that we isolated. Results provide a new taxonomic interpretation at both generic and specific levels. The genus Rhodelia is defined by its pyrenoid that is free from any internal structures. Based on phylogenetic analysis using l8SrDNA, there are two possibilities for the generic delimitation ofRhodelia: Rhodelia sensu stricto and Rhodelia sensu lato. The generic autonomy of Dixonielia and the taxonomic position of R. cyanea were also discussed.